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All oncology programmes

Vaccines and antigen presentation

Personalised neoantigen peptide vaccine

Selects neoantigens from an individual tumour’s mutations and synthesises corresponding peptides for antigen presentation and T-cell recognition.

How it worksSamples and manufacturing process
Peptide
Technology basis
Synthetic antigen peptides
Samples and tests
Tumour/normal samples and HLA
Key feature
Individual antigen combination

Overview

Peptides are short chains of amino acids carrying antigen fragments. Personalised neoantigen vaccines use sequencing and analysis to select candidates before synthesis. Their composition can differ with each patient’s mutations and HLA characteristics. This page concerns neoantigen vaccines, rather than all peptide medicines or supplements.

How it works

  1. 01

    Identify neoantigens

    Compare tumour and normal samples, mutations and expression to find candidates.

  2. 02

    Synthesise peptides

    Manufacture peptides from selected sequences to form an individual antigen combination; adjuvants depend on the formulation.

  3. 03

    Present to T cells

    Antigen-presenting cells take up and process peptides and display them through HLA/MHC to elicit corresponding T-cell responses.

This illustrates the mechanism. Antigen-specific immune responses do not establish clinical benefit, which requires separate evidence.

Technology approach

Manufacturing centres on sequencing, antigen selection, peptide synthesis and formulation quality control, usually without genetic modification of the patient’s T cells. Administration may involve repeated doses and immune monitoring. Combinations, dose counts and intervals are protocol-specific rather than universal.

Samples and manufacturing process

This outlines the main technical stages. Sampling, manufacturing and quality-testing time vary with the protocol and samples.

  1. 01

    Sampling and molecular analysis

    Review pathology tissue and matched normal samples, perform required sequencing and analyse HLA characteristics.

  2. 02

    Candidate selection

    Combine mutations, expression and presentation predictions to select sequences; some approaches add in-vitro T-cell recognition tests.

  3. 03

    Synthesis and quality control

    Synthesise selected peptides, test identity, purity and microbiological quality, and prepare the formulation.

  4. 04

    Administration and observation

    Schedule doses and immune monitoring under the protocol, with separate clinical reassessment using imaging, symptoms and other measures.

Samples and assessment considerations
  • Check tumour and matched normal samples for sequencing quantity, storage and quality.
  • Select antigens using mutations, RNA expression and HLA, with functional testing where appropriate.
  • Review health, existing care and follow-up, distinguishing immune tests from clinical assessment.

Monitoring and follow-up

Immune responses and observation

Follow the review schedule and distinguish immune-test findings from clinical outcomes. The medical team decides whether further cycles are appropriate.

Quality control and safety monitoring

Local reactions, fever, allergy and formulation- or combination-related adverse effects may occur. Risks cannot be transferred between different peptide approaches.

Common questions

Do more peptides mean better results?

Selection depends on tumour expression, HLA presentation and immune recognition. Quantity alone does not establish quality or benefit.

Why assess both immunity and imaging?

Immune tests examine antigen-specific responses; imaging and clinical information assess disease. They answer different questions and cannot replace one another.

Related programmes

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TCR-T engineered T-cell therapy

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Programme enquiries and records

HuaCure helps organise existing records, clarify programme requirements and coordinate specialist enquiries. Explore the technology, then discuss your circumstances with the medical team.

Enquire about assessment

This website provides information, not medical advice. Healthcare providers assess diagnosis, treatment suitability, risks and research eligibility. HuaCure coordinates care and does not guarantee outcomes or study enrolment.

Compiled from programme technical materials and public medical sources to explain mechanisms and processes. It is not an individual medical recommendation or a promise of benefit.

Sources

Public information checked: 7 October 2026